Research and publications

Reporting standards for claims about bioelectronic and energy-storage devices: denominators, scope statements, and the arithmetic of a zero

A perspective and methods paper (September 2026, 16 PubMed-verified references) proposing four disciplines that make a device claim checkable: state the denominator and the observation window; state the measurement scope, including what was not measured and whether a comparator ran; label every figure as measured, derived, drawn from the literature or proposed; and where a count of adverse events is zero, report the upper confidence bound the sample size implies rather than an absolute absence. The disciplines are worked through six examples drawn from the author's own bioelectronic and hybrid energy-storage work, including one in which his own observational safety statement is shown to support no numerical bound at all.

Preprint · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22828648

Controlled electromagnetic and electrical stimulation of the agricultural root zone: a testable framework for investigating plant growth, stress responses and crop protection

A hypothesis and theory paper (September 2026, 27 references) setting out a framework for investigating controlled electrical and magnetic stimulation within the plant root-zone environment. No experimental data have been generated and the platform it describes is proposed, not built; no yield, quality or pesticide-reduction claim is made. It specifies measurable hypotheses linking externally controlled physical fields to plant electrophysiology, ion transport and defence, a controlled design with untreated, sham, single-field and combined-field arms, explicit falsification criteria and an eight-level evidence hierarchy.

Working paper · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22829812

The Electrical Body: what membrane voltage does, what applied current can and cannot do, and where eMedica's Voltage–Current–Frequency therapy sits in the evidence

A scientific article (September 2026, ~6,500 words, 28 verified references) that separates established membrane biophysics and applied-current electrophysics from the peer-reviewed evidence for low-intensity electrical stimulation, and from eMedica's manufacturer-proposed mechanism — with contraindications and the study designs that would validate the hypothesis. Author: Hemant Rohera, ORCID 0009-0005-3275-1743.

Read the article · Abridged edition on the blog

Preprint, version 1.2 · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22830875

The four-layer rule: stating technical claims so that they can be checked

Technical claims made rigorously and technical claims made carelessly often read identically, leaving the reader unable to tell them apart without repeating the work. The note sets out a four-layer method that makes the difference visible on the page: every number carries its test conditions in the same sentence, every claim carries an explicit evidence status — measured, derived, from the literature, or proposed — and scope is stated rather than implied.

Technical note · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22700035

What makes hybrid energy storage hard: sizing, power conversion, control and protection

The physical case for pairing batteries with supercapacitors is well established: resistive heating scales with the square of current and degradation kinetics are temperature-activated, so clamping the battery's share of transient current suppresses both. The note addresses why hybrid storage is nevertheless not yet standard equipment, setting out the four engineering problems that sit between the physics and a working product.

Technical note · relates to the Hybrid Power Pack family · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22700056

Average state of charge versus depth of discharge: which variable buys lithium-ion battery life?

Battery life in a working system is governed by two variables that are easily confused: depth of discharge, which drives mechanically dominated cycle ageing, and average state of charge, which drives chemically dominated calendar ageing. The note separates the two mechanisms, explains why the relevant control variable depends on utilisation and rest profile, and shows how a supercapacitor buffer on the DC link couples to each.

Technical note · relates to the Hybrid Power Pack family · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22700050

Where does the energy come from? A three-way test for on-board energy harvesting

Proposals for on-board vehicle energy harvesting are usually debated in terms of conversion efficiency. The note argues that efficiency is the wrong first variable: the sign of the energy balance is fixed by where the harvested energy originates. Sources are sorted into three classes — ambient, recovered and parasitic — and actuator-disc momentum theory in the vehicle frame settles the third class independently of component quality.

Technical note · relates to the OMNIA Drive family · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22700047

Can the Earth's magnetic field be harvested? What the physics allows

The Earth's surface magnetic field, of order 25–65 microtesla, is often proposed as a free energy source. The note sets out why it is not one, and where it is instead valuable. A static field does no work: by Faraday's law an electromotive force requires changing flux, so any power drawn through the geomagnetic field is supplied by whatever moves the conductor. Its stored energy density is of order a millijoule per cubic metre, and it carries no power flux of its own.

Technical note · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22700063

What happens to CO₂ after capture: utilisation pathways and their energy cost

A capture system is only as useful as the destination of its output. The note classifies those destinations — geological storage, mineralisation, direct use, and conversion to chemicals or fuels — and applies a single governing metric to conversion: energy consumed per unit of product divided by the energy content of that product. Because CO₂ is the fully oxidised end state of carbon, that ratio has a floor set by thermodynamics rather than by engineering.

Technical note · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22700061

A hybrid battery–capacitor architecture for transient-dominated duty cycles: architecture, claim map, and the governing physics

Electrochemical cells store energy by bulk intercalation; electrochemical capacitors store it by surface adsorption in the Helmholtz double layer. The two mechanisms differ by one to two orders of magnitude in specific energy and in specific power, and by two to three orders of magnitude in cycle life. A duty cycle whose energy is dominated by steady demand but whose stress is dominated by short, high-current transients therefore asks one device to satisfy two contradictory specifications. The report describes a dual-store DC architecture that resolves the contradiction by partitioning demand in the frequency domain rather than sizing a single store for the worst case, maps the granted claim structure against the functional blocks, and derives from first principles what current clamping does and does not achieve. It states the exact scope of the two independent test reports on file, including what neither of them measures, and identifies the duty cycles on which the architecture earns its additional mass and cost and those on which it does not.

Technical note · relates to the Hybrid Power Pack family · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22718471

Multi-source power conditioning and routing for vehicle electrical systems: architecture, control method, and an energy-balance taxonomy for on-board harvesting

A conventional vehicle power stage manages one source and one load. Adding a second on-board energy source usually means adding a second converter with its own control loop, which scales badly and leaves the arbitration between sources unowned. The report describes a multi-port power processing unit that conditions several asynchronous inputs of differing voltage, current and waveform — both AC and DC — and synthesises two sustained rails delivered in parallel: direct current to the energy-storage device and alternating current to the drive motor, with the routing decision taken continuously against measured state of charge and pre-stored thresholds. Its second contribution is a three-way taxonomy for on-board harvesting sources, sorting any proposed source by where its energy comes from: external or ambient, recovered, or parasitic. Sources in the third class extract energy from the vehicle's own propulsion and are net-negative during propulsion regardless of harvester efficiency — a conclusion that follows from momentum conservation rather than from component quality.

Technical note · relates to the OMNIA Drive family · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22718447

Voltage, current and frequency parameters in bioelectric therapeutic devices: a scoping review of the design space

Bioelectric therapeutic devices are conventionally grouped by clinical indication. Grouped that way, their engineering parameters look arbitrary. Grouped instead by where they sit in a parameter space of amplitude, frequency, dose and injected charge, a structure appears: devices with unrelated indications cluster by mechanism, and devices sharing an indication can sit orders of magnitude apart. The review populates that four-axis space from the peer-reviewed literature and the regulatory record, and draws attention to two features easily missed when devices are read one at a time. The frequency axis is not a continuum of one mechanism — the dominant physical interaction changes qualitatively across it. And the dose axis spans about three orders of magnitude among devices with positive pivotal trials, which makes duty cycle a primary design variable coupled to mechanism rather than an implementation detail. Cutting across all four axes is the electrochemistry of charge injection at the electrode–tissue interface, which bounds the usable region independently of any therapeutic consideration.

Review · every substantive statement rests on an indexed third-party source; it describes where devices sit and does not evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of any device, including the author's own · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22718288